cane and birch-rod. According to Newton, he learned little "except how to take a beating."
At the age of 11, Newton's formal schooling came to an end and his father began to take him on sea voyages. Despite the close quarters on the ship, no affection developed between father and son.
When Newton was 17, his father arranged for him to go to Jamaica. There he would be taken under the care of a family friend, Joseph Manesty, and taught the plantation
